Assertions en Playwright: La Guía Completa

Cómo funcionan las aserciones de Playwright

Las aserciones de Playwright usan la función expect() de @playwright/test. No son las mismas que el expect de Jest. La versión de Playwright es async y tiene lógica de reintento integrada.

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

La diferencia clave respecto a la mayoría de los frameworks de testing: las aserciones de Playwright reintentan automáticamente. Cuando escribes:

await expect(page.getByText('Bienvenido')).toBeVisible();

Playwright no solo verifica una vez. Verifica repetidamente durante hasta 5 segundos (el expect timeout por defecto), esperando a que la condición sea verdadera. Eso elimina la necesidad de llamadas manuales a waitFor en el 90% de los casos.

Si la condición nunca se vuelve verdadera dentro del timeout, el test falla con un mensaje claro que muestra qué se esperaba y qué existía realmente.

Aserciones de elementos (basadas en locators)

Estas verifican propiedades de un elemento específico en la página.

toBeVisible / toBeHidden

// El elemento está renderizado y es visible para el usuario
await expect(page.getByText('Dashboard')).toBeVisible();

// El elemento no está presente, o está presente pero oculto (display:none, visibility:hidden, opacity:0)
await expect(page.getByRole('dialog')).toBeHidden();

toHaveText / toContainText

// Coincidencia exacta de texto (recorta espacios automáticamente)
await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { level: 1 })).toHaveText('Mis Ítems de Viaje');

// Coincidencia parcial de texto
await expect(page.getByRole('heading')).toContainText('Viaje');

// Array: verificar texto de múltiples elementos
await expect(page.getByRole('listitem')).toHaveText(['Tokio', 'París', 'Londres']);

// Regex: coincidencia de patrón
await expect(page.getByTestId('price')).toHaveText(/\$\d+\.\d{2}/);

toHaveValue

Para elementos , </code>, <code><select></code>:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// Input de texto await expect(page.getByLabel('Email')).toHaveValue('admin@becomeqa.com'); // Input vacío await expect(page.getByLabel('Buscar')).toHaveValue(''); // Dropdown select await expect(page.getByLabel('Estado')).toHaveValue('completed');</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h3 id="tobechecked-nottobechecked">toBeChecked / not.toBeChecked</h3> <p>Para checkboxes y radio buttons:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">await expect(page.getByLabel('Recordarme')).toBeChecked(); await expect(page.getByLabel('Suscribirse al boletín')).not.toBeChecked();</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h3 id="tobeenabled-tobedisabled">toBeEnabled / toBeDisabled</h3> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// El botón es clickeable await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Enviar' })).toBeEnabled(); // El botón está grisado / tiene atributo disabled await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Guardar' })).toBeDisabled();</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <p>Úsalo para verificar que un botón de envío de formulario solo se habilita cuando se completan los campos requeridos.</p> <h3 id="tobeeditable-tobereadonly">toBeEditable / toBeReadOnly</h3> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">await expect(page.getByLabel('Nombre de usuario')).toBeEditable(); await expect(page.getByLabel('Fecha de creación')).toBeReadOnly();</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h3 id="tohaveattribute">toHaveAttribute</h3> <p>Verificar cualquier atributo HTML:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// href en un link await expect(page.getByRole('link', { name: 'Inicio' })).toHaveAttribute('href', '/'); // data-testid await expect(page.getByTestId('status-badge')).toHaveAttribute('data-status', 'active'); // aria-label await expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Cerrar' })).toHaveAttribute('aria-label', 'Cerrar diálogo'); // Valor con regex await expect(page.getByRole('img')).toHaveAttribute('src', /\/images\/.+\.svg/);</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h3 id="tohaveclass">toHaveClass</h3> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// El elemento tiene esta clase CSS await expect(page.getByTestId('alert')).toHaveClass(/error/); // Lista de clases exacta await expect(page.getByTestId('button')).toHaveClass('btn btn-primary active');</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <code>toHaveClass</code> verifica si la clase está presente, no si es la única. Usa regex para coincidencias parciales. <h3 id="tohavecount">toHaveCount</h3> <p>Para colecciones de elementos:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// La tabla tiene header + 5 filas de datos await expect(page.getByRole('row')).toHaveCount(6); // El dropdown tiene 4 opciones await expect(page.getByRole('option')).toHaveCount(4); // Sin mensajes de error await expect(page.getByRole('alert')).toHaveCount(0);</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h3 id="tohavecss">toHaveCSS</h3> <p>Verificar propiedades CSS computadas:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">await expect(page.getByTestId('error-message')).toHaveCSS('color', 'rgb(220, 38, 38)'); await expect(page.getByRole('dialog')).toHaveCSS('display', 'flex');</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <p>Usa valores computados (<code>rgb(...)</code>) y no variables CSS ni propiedades shorthand.</p> <h2 id="aserciones-de-pgina">Aserciones de página</h2> <p>Verifican propiedades de toda la página, no de un elemento específico.</p> <h3 id="tohaveurl">toHaveURL</h3> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// URL exacta await expect(page).toHaveURL('https://lab.becomeqa.com/dashboard'); // Coincidencia parcial con regex await expect(page).toHaveURL(/\/dashboard/); // Con baseURL configurada en playwright.config.ts await expect(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard');</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <p>Úsalo después de una navegación para confirmar que llegaste donde esperabas.</p> <h3 id="tohavetitle">toHaveTitle</h3> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">await expect(page).toHaveTitle('Mis Ítems de Viaje | BecomeQA Lab'); await expect(page).toHaveTitle(/BecomeQA/);</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h3 id="tohavescreenshot-regresin-visual">toHaveScreenshot (regresión visual)</h3> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// La primera ejecución crea el screenshot de referencia // Las ejecuciones siguientes comparan contra él await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot('dashboard.png'); // Con opciones await expect(page).toHaveScreenshot('dashboard.png', { maxDiffPixels: 100, // permitir diferencias menores de píxeles threshold: 0.2, // escala 0-1 de tolerancia a diferencias de color });</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <p>Testing de regresión visual: la primera ejecución guarda una imagen de referencia. Cada ejecución siguiente compara el estado actual con esa referencia. Falla si difieren más allá del umbral.</p> <h2 id="aserciones-de-respuesta-de-api">Aserciones de respuesta de API</h2> <p>Al usar el fixture <code>request</code> para testing de API:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">test('GET /api/items devuelve datos válidos', async ({ request }) => { const response = await request.get('/api/items'); // Código de estado expect(response.status()).toBe(200); expect(response.ok()).toBeTruthy(); // true para 200-299 // Cuerpo de la respuesta const items = await response.json(); expect(items).toHaveLength(5); expect(items[0]).toHaveProperty('id'); expect(items[0]).toHaveProperty('title'); expect(items[0].status).toBe('planned'); // Headers expect(response.headers()['content-type']).toContain('application/json'); });</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <code>response.ok()</code> es un método integrado (no una aserción) que devuelve true para códigos de estado 2xx. <h2 id="aserciones-de-valores-genricos">Aserciones de valores genéricos</h2> <p>Para valores que no son elementos: variables, respuestas de API, valores computados:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// Igualdad expect(items.length).toBe(5); expect(user.role).toBe('admin'); // No igual expect(errorCode).not.toBe(0); // Truthy/falsy expect(isVisible).toBeTruthy(); expect(errorMessage).toBeFalsy(); // Null/undefined expect(result).toBeNull(); expect(result).not.toBeNull(); expect(result).toBeDefined(); expect(result).toBeUndefined(); // Números expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0); expect(price).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(9.99); expect(discount).toBeLessThan(100); // Arrays expect(statuses).toContain('completed'); expect(items).toHaveLength(3); expect(tags).toEqual(['qa', 'automation', 'playwright']); // coincidencia exacta de array // Objetos expect(user).toMatchObject({ email: 'admin@becomeqa.com', role: 'admin' }); // coincidencia parcial expect(user).toEqual({ id: 1, email: 'admin@becomeqa.com', role: 'admin' }); // coincidencia exacta // Strings expect(message).toContain('success'); expect(slug).toMatch(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/);</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h2 id="negacin-not">Negación: not</h2> <p>Cada aserción puede negarse con <code>.not</code>:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">await expect(page.getByRole('dialog')).not.toBeVisible(); await expect(page.getByText('Error')).not.toBeAttached(); expect(response.status()).not.toBe(404);</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h2 id="soft-assertions-recolectar-todos-los-fallos">Soft assertions: recolectar todos los fallos</h2> <p>Por defecto, la primera aserción fallida detiene el test. Las soft assertions continúan ejecutándose incluso después de un fallo y reportan todos los fallos al final:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">test('los datos del dashboard son correctos', async ({ page }) => { await page.goto('/dashboard'); // Estas no se detienen ante el primer fallo await expect.soft(page.getByRole('heading')).toHaveText('Mis Ítems de Viaje'); await expect.soft(page.getByRole('row')).toHaveCount(6); await expect.soft(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard'); // Esto lanza si alguna soft assertion anterior falló expect(test.info().errors).toHaveLength(0); });</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <p>Usa soft assertions cuando quieres ver todo lo que está roto en una sola ejecución del test, no solo el primer fallo.</p> <h2 id="mensajes-de-asercin-personalizados">Mensajes de aserción personalizados</h2> <p>Cuando una aserción falla, Playwright muestra qué se esperaba vs. qué se encontró. Puedes agregar un mensaje personalizado para hacer los fallos más legibles:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">await expect(page.getByRole('heading'), 'La página debería mostrar el dashboard después del login') .toHaveText('Mis Ítems de Viaje'); expect(items.length, `Se esperaban 5 ítems pero se obtuvieron ${items.length}`) .toBe(5);</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h2 id="configurar-timeouts">Configurar timeouts</h2> <p>El timeout de aserción por defecto es 5 segundos. Puedes sobreescribirlo por aserción o de forma global:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// Por aserción (10 segundos para una operación lenta) await expect(page.getByText('Reporte listo')).toBeVisible({ timeout: 10000 }); // Global en playwright.config.ts export default defineConfig({ expect: { timeout: 10000, // todas las aserciones esperan hasta 10 segundos }, });</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <p>No aumentes los timeouts para corregir tests inestables. Un test inestable con un timeout más largo sigue siendo inestable. Solo falla más despacio. Corrige la causa raíz.</p> <h2 id="errores-comunes">Errores comunes</h2> <h3 id="usar-pagelocatorisvisible-en-lugar-de-expecttobevisible">Usar <code>page.locator().isVisible()</code> en lugar de <code>expect().toBeVisible()</code></h3> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// Mal: verifica una vez, sin reintento, devuelve booleano const visible = await page.getByText('Éxito').isVisible(); expect(visible).toBe(true); // Bien: reintenta hasta que sea visible o timeout await expect(page.getByText('Éxito')).toBeVisible();</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <p>La primera versión puede fallar de forma intermitente porque verifica exactamente una vez. La segunda reintenta.</p> <h3 id="asertar-sobre-locators-desactualizados">Asertar sobre locators desactualizados</h3> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// No guardes locators antes de una navegación y los asertes después const heading = page.getByRole('heading'); await page.goto('/nueva-pagina'); await expect(heading).toHaveText('Nueva Página'); // puede estar desactualizado // Mejor: crear el locator cerca de la aserción await page.goto('/nueva-pagina'); await expect(page.getByRole('heading')).toHaveText('Nueva Página');</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h3 id="usar-expectawait-locatortextcontenttobe-en-lugar-de-tohavetext">Usar <code>expect(await locator.textContent()).toBe(...)</code> en lugar de <code>toHaveText</code></h3> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">// Mal: evalúa una vez, sin reintento expect(await page.getByRole('heading').textContent()).toBe('Dashboard'); // Bien: reintenta con espera automática await expect(page.getByRole('heading')).toHaveText('Dashboard');</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h3 id="asertar-count-en-listas-dinmicas">Asertar count en listas dinámicas</h3> <p>Si una lista carga de forma asíncrona, aserta el count después de confirmar que la lista es visible:</p> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">await expect(page.getByRole('list')).toBeVisible(); // esperar a que aparezca la lista await expect(page.getByRole('listitem')).toHaveCount(5); // luego contar los ítems</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h2 id="un-test-completo-usando-mltiples-tipos-de-aserciones">Un test completo usando múltiples tipos de aserciones</h2> <p><div class="pre-wrap" data-lang="typescript"><pre data-lang="typescript"><code class="language-typescript">import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test'; test('el usuario puede agregar y ver un ítem de viaje', async ({ page }) => { await page.goto('/'); await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Login' }).click(); await page.getByLabel('Username').fill('admin@becomeqa.com'); await page.getByLabel('Password').fill('testpass123'); await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' }).click(); // Aserción de página: verificar navegación await expect(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard'); // Aserción de visibilidad await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { level: 1 })).toBeVisible(); // Aserción de texto await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { level: 1 })).toHaveText('Mis Ítems de Viaje'); // Agregar un nuevo ítem await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add Item' }).click(); await page.getByLabel('Destination').fill('Tokio'); await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }).click(); // Aserción de count: la tabla debería tener una fila más const rows = page.getByRole('row'); await expect(rows).toHaveCount(7); // header + 6 ítems // Aserción de contenido de texto en la nueva fila await expect(page.getByRole('cell', { name: 'Tokio' })).toBeVisible(); // Aserción de estado en el nuevo ítem const tokyoRow = page.getByRole('row').filter({ hasText: 'Tokio' }); await expect(tokyoRow.getByRole('cell').last()).toHaveText('Planned'); });</code></pre><button class="copy-btn">Copy</button></div></p> <h2 id="faq">FAQ</h2> <strong>¿Por qué mi aserción pasa en local pero falla en CI?</strong> <p>Timing. Las máquinas de CI son más lentas. El elemento existe pero tarda más en aparecer. Aumenta el timeout de aserciones en <code>playwright.config.ts</code> o investiga por qué el elemento carga más lento en los entornos de CI.</p> <strong>¿Cuál es la diferencia entre <code>toEqual</code> y <code>toBe</code>?</strong> <code>toBe</code> verifica igualdad por referencia (mismo objeto en memoria, o primitivos idénticos). <code>toEqual</code> verifica igualdad profunda (misma estructura y valores, funciona para objetos y arrays). Para comparar objetos y arrays, usa <code>toEqual</code>. Para strings, números y booleanos, usa <code>toBe</code>. <strong>¿Cuándo usar <code>toMatchObject</code> vs <code>toEqual</code>?</strong> <code>toMatchObject</code> es una coincidencia parcial: el objeto real puede tener más propiedades de las que especificas. <code>toEqual</code> requiere una coincidencia exacta. Para respuestas de API donde quieres verificar campos clave sin listar cada campo, usa <code>toMatchObject</code>. <strong>Mi <code>toHaveText</code> falla porque el texto real tiene espacios adicionales. ¿Cómo lo corrijo?</strong> <code>toHaveText</code> recorta automáticamente los espacios al inicio y al final. Para espacios internos (múltiples espacios, saltos de línea), usá regex: <code>toHaveText(/destino:\s+Tokio/i)</code>. <strong>→ See also:</strong> <a href="/es/articles/playwright-custom-fixtures">Fixtures Personalizados en Playwright: El Patrón que Hace los Tests Legibles</a> | <a href="/es/articles/debugging-flaky-tests-complete-guide">Depurando Tests Inestables: Una Guía Práctica</a> </div><div class="related-section"><h2 class="related-section__title">Continue reading</h2><div class="related-grid"><a class="related-card" href="/es/articles/getting-started-with-playwright"><img src="/images/covers/getting-started-with-playwright.svg" alt="Empezando con Playwright: Tus Primeros Tests en 30 Minutos" class="related-card__image"/><div class="related-card__body"><p class="related-card__title">Empezando con Playwright: Tus Primeros Tests en 30 Minutos</p><p class="related-card__meta">10 min read</p></div></a><a class="related-card" 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width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M257.5 445.1l-22.2 22.2c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 273c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L201.4 44.7c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.2 22.2c9.5 9.5 9.3 25-.4 34.3L136.6 216H424c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v32c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H136.6l120.5 114.8c9.8 9.3 10 24.8.4 34.3z"></path></svg> <!-- -->All articles</a></div></div><aside class="article-toc"><div class="toc"><p class="toc__title">On this page</p><nav><a href="#cmo-funcionan-las-aserciones-de-playwright" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Cómo funcionan las aserciones de Playwright</a><a href="#aserciones-de-elementos-basadas-en-locators" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Aserciones de elementos (basadas en locators)</a><a href="#tobevisible-tobehidden" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toBeVisible / toBeHidden</a><a href="#tohavetext-tocontaintext" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toHaveText / toContainText</a><a href="#tohavevalue" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toHaveValue</a><a href="#tobechecked-nottobechecked" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toBeChecked / not.toBeChecked</a><a href="#tobeenabled-tobedisabled" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toBeEnabled / toBeDisabled</a><a href="#tobeeditable-tobereadonly" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toBeEditable / toBeReadOnly</a><a href="#tohaveattribute" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toHaveAttribute</a><a href="#tohaveclass" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toHaveClass</a><a href="#tohavecount" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toHaveCount</a><a href="#tohavecss" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toHaveCSS</a><a href="#aserciones-de-pgina" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Aserciones de página</a><a href="#tohaveurl" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toHaveURL</a><a href="#tohavetitle" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toHaveTitle</a><a href="#tohavescreenshot-regresin-visual" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">toHaveScreenshot (regresión visual)</a><a href="#aserciones-de-respuesta-de-api" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Aserciones de respuesta de API</a><a href="#aserciones-de-valores-genricos" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Aserciones de valores genéricos</a><a href="#negacin-not" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Negación: not</a><a href="#soft-assertions-recolectar-todos-los-fallos" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Soft assertions: recolectar todos los fallos</a><a href="#mensajes-de-asercin-personalizados" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Mensajes de aserción personalizados</a><a href="#configurar-timeouts" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Configurar timeouts</a><a href="#errores-comunes" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Errores comunes</a><a href="#usar-pagelocatorisvisible-en-lugar-de-expecttobevisible" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">Usar `page.locator().isVisible()` en lugar de `expect().toBeVisible()`</a><a href="#asertar-sobre-locators-desactualizados" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">Asertar sobre locators desactualizados</a><a href="#usar-expectawait-locatortextcontenttobe-en-lugar-de-tohavetext" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">Usar `expect(await locator.textContent()).toBe(...)` en lugar de `toHaveText`</a><a href="#asertar-count-en-listas-dinmicas" class="toc__link toc__link--h3">Asertar count en listas dinámicas</a><a href="#un-test-completo-usando-mltiples-tipos-de-aserciones" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">Un test completo usando múltiples tipos de aserciones</a><a href="#faq" class="toc__link toc__link--h2">FAQ</a></nav></div></aside></div></main><!--$?--><template id="B:1"></template><!--/$--><footer class="bg-[var(--color-bg)] mt-auto py-8 px-8 max-sm:py-6 max-sm:px-4" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-border-subtle)"><div class="max-w-5xl mx-auto flex flex-col gap-4"><div class="flex flex-wrap gap-x-6 gap-y-2"><a class="text-[var(--color-text-secondary)] font-medium no-underline transition-colors hover:text-[var(--color-ink)] text-[13px]" href="/es/articles">All Articles</a><a 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devuelve un booleano verificando el DOM exactamente una vez: si el elemento todavía no se renderizó, obtienes `false` aunque aparezca 200ms después. `expect(page.getByText('Success')).toBeVisible()` reintenta durante hasta 5 segundos antes de fallar. Ese comportamiento de reintento es el núcleo del diseño de aserciones de Playwright, y la mayoría de los errores de principiantes vienen de no saber qué métodos lo tienen. Esta guía cubre cada tipo de aserción, la negación con `not`, las soft assertions para recolectar todos los fallos, y los patrones que deshabilitan el auto-reintento en silencio.\n\n## Cómo funcionan las aserciones de Playwright\n\nLas aserciones de Playwright usan la función `expect()` de `@playwright/test`. No son las mismas que el `expect` de Jest. La versión de Playwright es async y tiene lógica de reintento integrada.\n\n~~~typescript\nimport { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';\n~~~\n\nLa diferencia clave respecto a la mayoría de los frameworks de testing: **las aserciones de Playwright reintentan automáticamente**. Cuando escribes:\n\n~~~typescript\nawait expect(page.getByText('Bienvenido')).toBeVisible();\n~~~\n\nPlaywright no solo verifica una vez. Verifica repetidamente durante hasta 5 segundos (el `expect timeout` por defecto), esperando a que la condición sea verdadera. Eso elimina la necesidad de llamadas manuales a `waitFor` en el 90% de los casos.\n\nSi la condición nunca se vuelve verdadera dentro del timeout, el test falla con un mensaje claro que muestra qué se esperaba y qué existía realmente.\n\n## Aserciones de elementos (basadas en locators)\n\nEstas verifican propiedades de un elemento específico en la página.\n\n### toBeVisible / toBeHidden\n\n~~~typescript\n// El elemento está renderizado y es visible para el usuario\nawait expect(page.getByText('Dashboard')).toBeVisible();\n\n// El elemento no está presente, o está presente pero oculto (display:none, visibility:hidden, opacity:0)\nawait expect(page.getByRole('dialog')).toBeHidden();\n~~~\n\n`toBeHidden()` es verdadero si el elemento no existe O si existe pero es invisible. Usa `not.toBeAttached()` si específicamente necesitas confirmar que el elemento no está en el DOM.\n\n### toHaveText / toContainText\n\n~~~typescript\n// Coincidencia exacta de texto (recorta espacios automáticamente)\nawait expect(page.getByRole('heading', { level: 1 })).toHaveText('Mis Ítems de Viaje');\n\n// Coincidencia parcial de texto\nawait expect(page.getByRole('heading')).toContainText('Viaje');\n\n// Array: verificar texto de múltiples elementos\nawait expect(page.getByRole('listitem')).toHaveText(['Tokio', 'París', 'Londres']);\n\n// Regex: coincidencia de patrón\nawait expect(page.getByTestId('price')).toHaveText(/\\$\\d+\\.\\d{2}/);\n~~~\n\n`toHaveText` con un array verifica el texto completo de cada elemento en orden. Muy útil para verificar filas de tablas o listas ordenadas.\n\n### toHaveValue\n\nPara elementos `\u003cinput\u003e`, `\u003ctextarea\u003e`, `\u003cselect\u003e`:\n\n~~~typescript\n// Input de texto\nawait expect(page.getByLabel('Email')).toHaveValue('admin@becomeqa.com');\n\n// Input vacío\nawait expect(page.getByLabel('Buscar')).toHaveValue('');\n\n// Dropdown select\nawait expect(page.getByLabel('Estado')).toHaveValue('completed');\n~~~\n\n### toBeChecked / not.toBeChecked\n\nPara checkboxes y radio buttons:\n\n~~~typescript\nawait expect(page.getByLabel('Recordarme')).toBeChecked();\nawait expect(page.getByLabel('Suscribirse al boletín')).not.toBeChecked();\n~~~\n\n### toBeEnabled / toBeDisabled\n\n~~~typescript\n// El botón es clickeable\nawait expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Enviar' })).toBeEnabled();\n\n// El botón está grisado / tiene atributo disabled\nawait expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Guardar' })).toBeDisabled();\n~~~\n\nÚsalo para verificar que un botón de envío de formulario solo se habilita cuando se completan los campos requeridos.\n\n### toBeEditable / toBeReadOnly\n\n~~~typescript\nawait expect(page.getByLabel('Nombre de usuario')).toBeEditable();\nawait expect(page.getByLabel('Fecha de creación')).toBeReadOnly();\n~~~\n\n### toHaveAttribute\n\nVerificar cualquier atributo HTML:\n\n~~~typescript\n// href en un link\nawait expect(page.getByRole('link', { name: 'Inicio' })).toHaveAttribute('href', '/');\n\n// data-testid\nawait expect(page.getByTestId('status-badge')).toHaveAttribute('data-status', 'active');\n\n// aria-label\nawait expect(page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Cerrar' })).toHaveAttribute('aria-label', 'Cerrar diálogo');\n\n// Valor con regex\nawait expect(page.getByRole('img')).toHaveAttribute('src', /\\/images\\/.+\\.svg/);\n~~~\n\n### toHaveClass\n\n~~~typescript\n// El elemento tiene esta clase CSS\nawait expect(page.getByTestId('alert')).toHaveClass(/error/);\n\n// Lista de clases exacta\nawait expect(page.getByTestId('button')).toHaveClass('btn btn-primary active');\n~~~\n\n`toHaveClass` verifica si la clase está presente, no si es la única. Usa regex para coincidencias parciales.\n\n### toHaveCount\n\nPara colecciones de elementos:\n\n~~~typescript\n// La tabla tiene header + 5 filas de datos\nawait expect(page.getByRole('row')).toHaveCount(6);\n\n// El dropdown tiene 4 opciones\nawait expect(page.getByRole('option')).toHaveCount(4);\n\n// Sin mensajes de error\nawait expect(page.getByRole('alert')).toHaveCount(0);\n~~~\n\n### toHaveCSS\n\nVerificar propiedades CSS computadas:\n\n~~~typescript\nawait expect(page.getByTestId('error-message')).toHaveCSS('color', 'rgb(220, 38, 38)');\nawait expect(page.getByRole('dialog')).toHaveCSS('display', 'flex');\n~~~\n\nUsa valores computados (`rgb(...)`) y no variables CSS ni propiedades shorthand.\n\n## Aserciones de página\n\nVerifican propiedades de toda la página, no de un elemento específico.\n\n### toHaveURL\n\n~~~typescript\n// URL exacta\nawait expect(page).toHaveURL('https://lab.becomeqa.com/dashboard');\n\n// Coincidencia parcial con regex\nawait expect(page).toHaveURL(/\\/dashboard/);\n\n// Con baseURL configurada en playwright.config.ts\nawait expect(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard');\n~~~\n\nÚsalo después de una navegación para confirmar que llegaste donde esperabas.\n\n### toHaveTitle\n\n~~~typescript\nawait expect(page).toHaveTitle('Mis Ítems de Viaje | BecomeQA Lab');\nawait expect(page).toHaveTitle(/BecomeQA/);\n~~~\n\n### toHaveScreenshot (regresión visual)\n\n~~~typescript\n// La primera ejecución crea el screenshot de referencia\n// Las ejecuciones siguientes comparan contra él\nawait expect(page).toHaveScreenshot('dashboard.png');\n\n// Con opciones\nawait expect(page).toHaveScreenshot('dashboard.png', {\n maxDiffPixels: 100, // permitir diferencias menores de píxeles\n threshold: 0.2, // escala 0-1 de tolerancia a diferencias de color\n});\n~~~\n\nTesting de regresión visual: la primera ejecución guarda una imagen de referencia. Cada ejecución siguiente compara el estado actual con esa referencia. Falla si difieren más allá del umbral.\n\n## Aserciones de respuesta de API\n\nAl usar el fixture `request` para testing de API:\n\n~~~typescript\ntest('GET /api/items devuelve datos válidos', async ({ request }) =\u003e {\n const response = await request.get('/api/items');\n \n // Código de estado\n expect(response.status()).toBe(200);\n expect(response.ok()).toBeTruthy(); // true para 200-299\n \n // Cuerpo de la respuesta\n const items = await response.json();\n expect(items).toHaveLength(5);\n expect(items[0]).toHaveProperty('id');\n expect(items[0]).toHaveProperty('title');\n expect(items[0].status).toBe('planned');\n \n // Headers\n expect(response.headers()['content-type']).toContain('application/json');\n});\n~~~\n\n`response.ok()` es un método integrado (no una aserción) que devuelve true para códigos de estado 2xx.\n\n## Aserciones de valores genéricos\n\nPara valores que no son elementos: variables, respuestas de API, valores computados:\n\n~~~typescript\n// Igualdad\nexpect(items.length).toBe(5);\nexpect(user.role).toBe('admin');\n\n// No igual\nexpect(errorCode).not.toBe(0);\n\n// Truthy/falsy\nexpect(isVisible).toBeTruthy();\nexpect(errorMessage).toBeFalsy();\n\n// Null/undefined\nexpect(result).toBeNull();\nexpect(result).not.toBeNull();\nexpect(result).toBeDefined();\nexpect(result).toBeUndefined();\n\n// Números\nexpect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0);\nexpect(price).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(9.99);\nexpect(discount).toBeLessThan(100);\n\n// Arrays\nexpect(statuses).toContain('completed');\nexpect(items).toHaveLength(3);\nexpect(tags).toEqual(['qa', 'automation', 'playwright']); // coincidencia exacta de array\n\n// Objetos\nexpect(user).toMatchObject({ email: 'admin@becomeqa.com', role: 'admin' }); // coincidencia parcial\nexpect(user).toEqual({ id: 1, email: 'admin@becomeqa.com', role: 'admin' }); // coincidencia exacta\n\n// Strings\nexpect(message).toContain('success');\nexpect(slug).toMatch(/^[a-z0-9-]+$/);\n~~~\n\n## Negación: not\n\nCada aserción puede negarse con `.not`:\n\n~~~typescript\nawait expect(page.getByRole('dialog')).not.toBeVisible();\nawait expect(page.getByText('Error')).not.toBeAttached();\nexpect(response.status()).not.toBe(404);\n~~~\n\n## Soft assertions: recolectar todos los fallos\n\nPor defecto, la primera aserción fallida detiene el test. Las soft assertions continúan ejecutándose incluso después de un fallo y reportan todos los fallos al final:\n\n~~~typescript\ntest('los datos del dashboard son correctos', async ({ page }) =\u003e {\n await page.goto('/dashboard');\n \n // Estas no se detienen ante el primer fallo\n await expect.soft(page.getByRole('heading')).toHaveText('Mis Ítems de Viaje');\n await expect.soft(page.getByRole('row')).toHaveCount(6);\n await expect.soft(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard');\n \n // Esto lanza si alguna soft assertion anterior falló\n expect(test.info().errors).toHaveLength(0);\n});\n~~~\n\nUsa soft assertions cuando quieres ver todo lo que está roto en una sola ejecución del test, no solo el primer fallo.\n\n## Mensajes de aserción personalizados\n\nCuando una aserción falla, Playwright muestra qué se esperaba vs. qué se encontró. Puedes agregar un mensaje personalizado para hacer los fallos más legibles:\n\n~~~typescript\nawait expect(page.getByRole('heading'), 'La página debería mostrar el dashboard después del login')\n .toHaveText('Mis Ítems de Viaje');\n\nexpect(items.length, `Se esperaban 5 ítems pero se obtuvieron ${items.length}`)\n .toBe(5);\n~~~\n\n## Configurar timeouts\n\nEl timeout de aserción por defecto es 5 segundos. Puedes sobreescribirlo por aserción o de forma global:\n\n~~~typescript\n// Por aserción (10 segundos para una operación lenta)\nawait expect(page.getByText('Reporte listo')).toBeVisible({ timeout: 10000 });\n\n// Global en playwright.config.ts\nexport default defineConfig({\n expect: {\n timeout: 10000, // todas las aserciones esperan hasta 10 segundos\n },\n});\n~~~\n\nNo aumentes los timeouts para corregir tests inestables. Un test inestable con un timeout más largo sigue siendo inestable. Solo falla más despacio. Corrige la causa raíz.\n\n## Errores comunes\n\n### Usar `page.locator().isVisible()` en lugar de `expect().toBeVisible()`\n\n~~~typescript\n// Mal: verifica una vez, sin reintento, devuelve booleano\nconst visible = await page.getByText('Éxito').isVisible();\nexpect(visible).toBe(true);\n\n// Bien: reintenta hasta que sea visible o timeout\nawait expect(page.getByText('Éxito')).toBeVisible();\n~~~\n\nLa primera versión puede fallar de forma intermitente porque verifica exactamente una vez. La segunda reintenta.\n\n### Asertar sobre locators desactualizados\n\n~~~typescript\n// No guardes locators antes de una navegación y los asertes después\nconst heading = page.getByRole('heading');\nawait page.goto('/nueva-pagina');\nawait expect(heading).toHaveText('Nueva Página'); // puede estar desactualizado\n\n// Mejor: crear el locator cerca de la aserción\nawait page.goto('/nueva-pagina');\nawait expect(page.getByRole('heading')).toHaveText('Nueva Página');\n~~~\n\n### Usar `expect(await locator.textContent()).toBe(...)` en lugar de `toHaveText`\n\n~~~typescript\n// Mal: evalúa una vez, sin reintento\nexpect(await page.getByRole('heading').textContent()).toBe('Dashboard');\n\n// Bien: reintenta con espera automática\nawait expect(page.getByRole('heading')).toHaveText('Dashboard');\n~~~\n\n### Asertar count en listas dinámicas\n\nSi una lista carga de forma asíncrona, aserta el count después de confirmar que la lista es visible:\n\n~~~typescript\nawait expect(page.getByRole('list')).toBeVisible(); // esperar a que aparezca la lista\nawait expect(page.getByRole('listitem')).toHaveCount(5); // luego contar los ítems\n~~~\n\n## Un test completo usando múltiples tipos de aserciones\n\n~~~typescript\nimport { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';\n\ntest('el usuario puede agregar y ver un ítem de viaje', async ({ page }) =\u003e {\n await page.goto('/');\n await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Login' }).click();\n await page.getByLabel('Username').fill('admin@becomeqa.com');\n await page.getByLabel('Password').fill('testpass123');\n await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' }).click();\n\n // Aserción de página: verificar navegación\n await expect(page).toHaveURL('/dashboard');\n\n // Aserción de visibilidad\n await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { level: 1 })).toBeVisible();\n\n // Aserción de texto\n await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { level: 1 })).toHaveText('Mis Ítems de Viaje');\n\n // Agregar un nuevo ítem\n await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Add Item' }).click();\n await page.getByLabel('Destination').fill('Tokio');\n await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }).click();\n\n // Aserción de count: la tabla debería tener una fila más\n const rows = page.getByRole('row');\n await expect(rows).toHaveCount(7); // header + 6 ítems\n\n // Aserción de contenido de texto en la nueva fila\n await expect(page.getByRole('cell', { name: 'Tokio' })).toBeVisible();\n\n // Aserción de estado en el nuevo ítem\n const tokyoRow = page.getByRole('row').filter({ hasText: 'Tokio' });\n await expect(tokyoRow.getByRole('cell').last()).toHaveText('Planned');\n});\n~~~\n\n## FAQ\n\n**¿Por qué mi aserción pasa en local pero falla en CI?**\n\nTiming. Las máquinas de CI son más lentas. El elemento existe pero tarda más en aparecer. Aumenta el timeout de aserciones en `playwright.config.ts` o investiga por qué el elemento carga más lento en los entornos de CI.\n\n**¿Cuál es la diferencia entre `toEqual` y `toBe`?**\n\n`toBe` verifica igualdad por referencia (mismo objeto en memoria, o primitivos idénticos). `toEqual` verifica igualdad profunda (misma estructura y valores, funciona para objetos y arrays). Para comparar objetos y arrays, usa `toEqual`. Para strings, números y booleanos, usa `toBe`.\n\n**¿Cuándo usar `toMatchObject` vs `toEqual`?**\n\n`toMatchObject` es una coincidencia parcial: el objeto real puede tener más propiedades de las que especificas. `toEqual` requiere una coincidencia exacta. Para respuestas de API donde quieres verificar campos clave sin listar cada campo, usa `toMatchObject`.\n\n**Mi `toHaveText` falla porque el texto real tiene espacios adicionales. ¿Cómo lo corrijo?**\n\n`toHaveText` recorta automáticamente los espacios al inicio y al final. Para espacios internos (múltiples espacios, saltos de línea), usá regex: `toHaveText(/destino:\\s+Tokio/i)`.\n\n**→ See also:** [Fixtures Personalizados en Playwright](playwright-custom-fixtures) | [Depurar Tests Inestables: Una Guía Práctica](debugging-flaky-tests-complete-guide)\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6:[[\"$\",\"script\",null,{\"type\":\"application/ld+json\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"{\\\"@context\\\":\\\"https://schema.org\\\",\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Article\\\",\\\"headline\\\":\\\"Assertions en Playwright: La Guía Completa\\\",\\\"description\\\":\\\"Guía completa de assertions en Playwright: toBeVisible, toHaveText, toHaveURL, toHaveCount, soft assertions, API assertions, timeouts y errores comunes.\\\",\\\"image\\\":\\\"https://becomeqa.com/images/covers/playwright-assertions-deep-dive-es.svg\\\",\\\"author\\\":{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Person\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Dzmitry Karpau\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://becomeqa.com/about\\\"},\\\"publisher\\\":{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"BecomeQA\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://becomeqa.com\\\"},\\\"datePublished\\\":\\\"2026-05-15\\\",\\\"dateModified\\\":\\\"2026-05-15\\\",\\\"keywords\\\":\\\"playwright, assertions, test-automation, getting-started\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://becomeqa.com/articles/playwright-assertions-deep-dive\\\"}\"}}],[\"$\",\"script\",null,{\"type\":\"application/ld+json\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"{\\\"@context\\\":\\\"https://schema.org\\\",\\\"@type\\\":\\\"BreadcrumbList\\\",\\\"itemListElement\\\":[{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"ListItem\\\",\\\"position\\\":1,\\\"name\\\":\\\"Home\\\",\\\"item\\\":\\\"https://becomeqa.com/\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"ListItem\\\",\\\"position\\\":2,\\\"name\\\":\\\"Articles\\\",\\\"item\\\":\\\"https://becomeqa.com/articles\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"ListItem\\\",\\\"position\\\":3,\\\"name\\\":\\\"Assertions en Playwright: La Guía Completa\\\",\\\"item\\\":\\\"https://becomeqa.com/articles/playwright-assertions-deep-dive\\\"}]}\"}}],[\"$\",\"$L11\",null,{\"article\":{\"id\":29,\"slug\":\"playwright-assertions-deep-dive\",\"title\":\"Assertions en Playwright: La Guía Completa\",\"category\":\"playwright\",\"difficulty\":\"beginner\",\"preview\":\"Sin assertions, solo estás haciendo clic por una página. 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